Did any earthquake take place at the time of the Messenger (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him)?

There is no proof in the books of Sunnah and reports with
an uninterrupted, saheeh isnaad, to suggest that there was any earthquake
in Madeenah at the time of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be
upon him). The only reports that speak of that have da‘eef, mursal isnaads
(i.e., they are weak). There follows further explanation: 

Firstly: 

It was narrated that Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwaan
said: The ground shook at the time of the Messenger of Allah (blessings and
peace of Allah be upon him) and he put his hand on it then he said: “Be
still, for it is not yet time for that.” Then he turned to face his
Companions and said: “Your Lord is asking you to seek forgiveness, so seek
forgiveness.” Narrated by Ibn Abi’l-Dunya in al-‘Uqoobaat (no. 18). :
‘Abd-Allaah told us, ‘Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Ibraaheem told me, Abu Maryam
informed us, al-‘Attaar ibn Khaalid al-Harami informed us, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd
al-Malik ibn Marwaan told me. 

This isnaad is da‘eef (weak) and has a number of faults,
including: 

1.

It is a mu‘dal mursal report. Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Malik ibn
Marwaan died in 266 AH, so how he could tell of something that happened at
the time of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) which no
one else narrated? 

2.

al-‘Attaar ibn Khaalid al-Harami – I did not find any
biography of him. 

Secondly: 

It was narrated that Shahr ibn Hawshab said: “There was an
earthquake in Madeenah at the time of the Prophet (blessings and peace of
Allah be upon him) and he said: “Your Lord is asking you to seek
forgiveness, so seek forgiveness.”

Narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah in al-Musannaf (2/357). He
said: Hafs told us, from Layth, from Shahr. 

This isnaad is da‘eef and has a number of faults: 

1.

It is mursal. Shahr ibn Hawshab died in 112 AH, and did not
witness the time of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him). 

2.

Moreover he (Shahr ibn Hawshab) is da‘eef (weak) in and of
himself, according to some scholars. Shu‘bah said: I do not pay any
attention to his reports. Al-Nasaa’i said: He is not strong. Ibn Hibbaan
said: He is one of those who narrated from trustworthy narrators problematic
reports. al-Bayhaqi said: He is da‘eef. Others regarded him as trustworthy.
Hence al-Haafiz Ibn Hajar said concerning him: He is sadooq but he narrates
many mursal reports and is confused. See Tahdheeb al-Tahdheeb, 4/371 

3.

Layth ibn Abi Sulaym – he is confused a great deal and we
cannot be certain about his hadeeth, so he was rejected. See Tahdheeb
al-Tahdheeb, 8/468 

Hence al-Haafiz Ibn Hajar said in al-Talkhees al-Habeer
(2/222): This is mursal da‘eef. End quote. 

This report was also narrated from Ibn Mas‘ood (may Allah be
pleased with him), as reported in Tafseer al-Tabari (17/478): Bishr
narrated to us, Yazeed narrated to us, Sa‘eed narrated to us, from Qataadah,
that he said: “And We sent not the signs except to warn, and to make them
afraid (of destruction)” [al-Isra’17:59]. Allah causes people to fear Him by
whatever signs He wills, so that they might learn a lesson or be reminded or
come back (to Him). It was said to us that the ground shook in Kufah at the
time of Ibn Mas‘ood, and he said: O people, your Lord is asking you to seek
forgiveness, so seek forgiveness.  

To sum up, there is no proof that an earthquake took place at
the time of the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him); rather
it happened after his time, at the time of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab (may Allah
be pleased with him). That was narrated by Ibn Abi Shaybah in al-Musannaf
(2/358) and by others from Naafi‘ from Safiyyah who said: The earth shook at
the time of ‘Umar, and he addressed the people and said: “If it happens
again, I shall definitely abandon you and leave.” That was mentioned by Ibn
al-Jawzi in al-Muntazam, among the events of the year 20 AH. 

And Allah knows best.