What is the difference between the ruling on rape and the ruling on fornication or adultery? Can rape be proven by modern methods?

Rape is essentially zina (fornication or adultery) and is
proven in the same way as zina is proven, which is with four witnesses. The
punishment is one hundred lashes if the man was a virgin and stoning if he
was previously married. 

If rape is committed using the threat of a weapon or if the
woman is abducted forcefully from her home, then it becomes a case of
haraabah (banditry or terrorising the people), which is proven with two
witnesses only. The punishment for it is mentioned in the verse in which
Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):

“The recompense of those who wage war against Allah and
His Messenger and do mischief in the land is only that they shall be killed
or crucified or their hands and their feet be cut off on the opposite sides,
or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a
great torment is theirs in the Hereafter”

[al-Maa’idah 5:33]. 

It should be noted that he becomes subject to this hadd
punishment merely by abducting the woman forcefully, regardless of whether
he has his way with her or not. 

Merely by abducting her he comes under the ruling of “qaati‘
at-tareeq” (lit. bandit); if he commits zina with her (rapes her), that his
crime becomes more abhorrent because he has then combined two crimes: zina
and haraabah. 

For more information please see the answer to question no.
72338 and
128448 

Secondly: 

The accusations made by non-Muslims against Muslims, saying
that the man’s word is given precedence and that the woman cannot prove that
she was raped, and that the man will get away with his action, is not
correct. 

But one of the basic principles of both sharee‘ah and
man-made law, to which attention must be paid, is that the accused is
innocent until proven guilty and the claim of the claimant – whether man or
woman – cannot be accepted unless there is proof that it is valid. Hence the
Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: “If people were
given on the basis of their claims, people would make claims on the blood
and property of others. Rather the oath should be sworn by the defendant.”

Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4277; Muslim, 1711 

An-Nawawi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 

This hadeeth represents one of the most important principles
of shar‘i rulings: it shows that no person’s word can be accepted merely on
the basis of his claim; rather there is a need for evidence or confirmation
from the defendant, and if the claimant wants to ask the defendant to swear
an oath, he has the right to ask for that. The Prophet (blessings and peace
of Allah be upon him) demonstrated the wisdom behind not giving on the basis
of a mere claim, because if it were to be given on that basis, then some
people would make claims on the blood and wealth of others, and would regard
that as permissible, and the defendant would not be able to protect his
wealth or blood. As for the claimant, he can protect his wealth and blood by
means of proof. 

Sharh Muslim, 12/3 

If the field were open for every woman to make claims of
rape, the prisons would be filled to bursting with the men accused by those
women, and they would not be able to prove their innocence. The matter is
not so random that any woman’s claim may be taken as being true and certain,
otherwise a woman could make a claim against her former lover in order to
take revenge on him! Or she could make claims against rich and famous people
and blackmail them, or against her father and brothers so as to escape their
guardianship and authority. And these are things that would lead to the
collapse of society. 

Thirdly: 

A woman’s claim to have been forced into zina can only be
accepted on the basis of proof or strong circumstantial evidence. If there
is no such evidence, then the hadd punishment is to be carried out on her as
it is carried out on the zaani (the man who committed fornication or
adultery). 

Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr (may Allah have mercy on him) said: 

She is not to be punished if it is proven that he forced her
and overpowered her. That may be known from her having screamed and shouted
for help. 

Al-Istidhkaar, 7/146 

Fourthly: 

The presence of the man’s semen on the woman does not prove
that rape has taken place. That may have happened with her consent, in which
case she is as deserving punishment as he is. It may be that she is claiming
that he raped her because of an argument between them, so that he will be
punished or in order to blackmail him. So this is not proof that the crime
of rape has taken place, nor is it proof that the crime of zina has taken
place. It is possible that no real intercourse took place, but the semen
entered her vagina or she put it there herself. The possibilities are many
and according to sharee‘ah, hadd punishments cannot be imposed on the basis
of possibilities; rather it must be on the basis of proof. The results of
DNA testing may be mistaken, or samples may be switched or the results may
be falsified, so they cannot be taken as shar‘i evidence on the basis of
which hadd punishments are carried out. 

In the answer to question no.
103410 we quoted a statement
from the Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League on the issue of DNA
and ways of benefitting from it, in which it said: 

Firstly: there is no shar‘i prohibition on relying on DNA in
criminal investigations and regarding it as a means of proving evidence in
crimes for which there is no hadd punishment or qisaas (retaliatory
punishment) prescribed in Islam, because of the report which says, “Ward off
hadd punishments by means of doubts (i.e., do not carry out hadd punishments
if there is any doubt).” That is so as to achieve justice and security in
society; it leads to the criminal getting the punishment he deserves and
proving the innocence of the innocent. This is an important aim of
sharee‘ah. End quote. 

This statement indicates that the hadd punishment may not be
applied to the accused if the evidence that is specified in sharee‘ah in
order for the crime to be proven is not available. But there may be strong
circumstantial evidence to prove the case against the accused. 

In this case the judge may punish the accused with a
disciplinary punishment (ta‘zeer) as he sees fit. Then the accused (once he
is proven guilty by circumstantial evidence) will not escape punishment. 

Even if this criminal is saved from punishment in this world,
that is not due to a shortcoming in sharee‘ah. It may be because there is
not sufficient evidence or it may be because of shortcomings on the part of
the judge or because he is not sufficiently qualified … and so on. 

Moreover, there is the punishment of the Hereafter that
awaits him if he does not repent from his crime or if Allah does not forgive
him. 

And Allah knows best.