The meeqaat for the people of Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia

The meeqaat for the people of Ethiopia and Somalia: if they
come from the south, when they are parallel with Yalamlam, which the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) decreed as the meeqaat for
the people of Yemen, they should enter ihraam when they are parallel with
it. If they come from the north of Jeddah, their meeqaat is al-Juhfah which
the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) decreed was the
meeqaat for the people of Syria. The people substituted Raabigh for it
because it fell into ruin. If they are coming from between those points,
heading for Jeddah, then their meeqaat is Jeddah, because they are reaching
Jeddah before they come in line with either of the two meeqaats mentioned
above.  

Similarly if the people of Sudan are coming to Jeddah, then
their meeqaat is Jeddah. If they are coming from the north, their meeqaat is
when they come in line with al-Juhfah or Raabigh. If they are coming from
the south then their meeqaat is when they come in line with Yalamlam. So the
meeqaat of the people of these countries varies according to the route by
which they are coming. This applies if they are coming for ‘Umrah or for
Hajj. 

But if a person is coming for work and he has already done
the obligatory ‘Umrah and Hajj, then he does not have to enter ihraam,
because Hajj and ‘Umrah are only obligatory once in a lifetime. If a person
has already done them, they are not obligatory a second time, except in the
case of a vow. 

If a person comes for Hajj or ‘Umrah and does not enter ihram
until after he passed the two meeqaats or one of them, then the scholars say
that his ihraam is valid, but he has to offer a sacrifice, to be slaughtered
in Makkah and distributed to the poor, because he has omitted one of the
obligatory duties of ihraam, which is entering ihraam from the meeqaat. If
this happens to a person, he has to offer a sacrifice to be slaughtered in
Makkah and distributed to the poor if he is rich; if he is poor, he does not
have to do anything, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): 

“So keep your duty to Allaah and fear Him as much as you
can”

[al-Taghaabun 64:16]

See Fataawa Ibn ‘Uthaymeen, 21/283, 284 

Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked
about the meeqaat for the people of Sudan. He replied: 

It depends on the route taken. If their route takes them past
the meeqaat of al-Juhfah, they have to enter ihraam when they come in line
with it. If their route does not take them past any meeqaat until they reach
Jeddah, then they should enter ihraam from Jeddah, if they want to perform
Hajj and ‘Umrah. End quote. 

Fataawa Ibn Baaz, 17/35.