Ruling on divorcing in jest

The scholars differed as to whether a divorce given in jest
counts as a divorce. The majority are of the view that it does count as
such, and they quoted as evidence the report narrated by Abu Hurayrah (may
Allaah be pleased with him) who said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace
and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “There are three matters in which
seriousness is serious and joking is serious: marriage, divorce and taking
back (one’s wife).” Narrated by Abu Dawood, 2194; al-Tirmidhi, 1184; Ibn
Maajah, 2039.  The scholars differed as to whether this report is saheeh
(sound) or da’eef (weak). Al-Albaani classed it as hasan in Irwa’
al-Ghaleel, 1826. 

A similar meaning was narrated in mawqoof reports from some
of the Sahaabah. 

It was narrated that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab (may Allaah be
pleased with him) said: “There are four things which become binding if they
are spoken: divorce, manumission, marriage and vows.” 

It was narrated from ‘Ali (may Allaah be pleased with him):
“There are three in which jesting is like seriousness: divorce, marriage and
manumission.” 

Abu’l-Darda’ said: “There are three matters in which jesting
is just as valid as saying them seriously: divorce, marriage and
manumission.” 

Ibn al-Qayyim (may Allaah have mercy on him) said, after
mentioning the hadeeth quoted above: 

These Sunnahs imply that one who is accountable jokes about
divorce, marriage or taking back his wife, then what he joked about becomes
binding on him. This indicates that the words of a joker carry weight even
though the words of a sleeper, one who forgets, one who has lost his mind
and one who is forced do not count. The difference between them is that the
joker intends to say the words although he does not want the ruling on his
words to apply, but it is not up to him. Rather uttering these words is up
to him, but as tforo the ruling on those word, that is up to the Lawgiver,
whether the person intended it or not. What matters here is the word that he
chose to use willingly when he is of sound mind and accountable. If he
intended to utter these words, then the Lawgiver will apply the ruling to
him whether he was serious or was joking. This is unlike one who is sleeping
or the one who has lost his mind or one who is insane etc, they do not have
any real intention and they are not accountable, so the words that they say
are idle talk, like the talk of a child who does not understand what he is
saying and does not mean it. 

The heart of the matter is the differentiation between one
who says something deliberately, knowing what he says but not intending to
be subject to the ruling on what he says, and one who does not mean it and
does not know what it means. There are four categories: 

1-When he intends the ruling but
does not utter the words

2-When he does not intend the
ruling or the words

3-When he intends the words but
not the ruling

4-When he intends both the words
and the ruling.

The first two are idle talk, and the second two carry weight.
This is what may be understood from all the texts and rulings. End quote. 

Zaad al-Ma’aad, 5/204, 205 

Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen said in al-Sharh al-Mumti’
(10/461): 

Divorce takes place whether uttered in seriousness or in
jest. The difference between them is that the one who is serious intends
both the words and the ruling, whereas the one who is joking intends the
words but not the ruling. 

The one who is serious divorces his wife and intends divorce.
The joker intends to say the words but does not intend the ruling. So he
says, for example, “I was joking with my wife”, or “I was joking with my
friend, and I said: ‘My wife is divorced’ or some such.” And he says: “I did
not intend that she should be divorced, rather I intended to say the
words.” 

We say: The ruling applies in this case, because you have
uttered the words, and the ruling is up to Allaah. 

So long as the word of divorce is uttered with a valid
intention by a person who is of sound mind and can understand what it means,
then it counts as such. Even if he says, “I did not mean it as such,” it is
not up to him, rather it is up to Allaah. 

This is from the rational point of view. 

With regard to the reports, we have the report of Abu
Hurayrah: “There are three matters in which seriousness is serious and
joking is serious: marriage, divorce and taking back (one’s wife).” This is
the evidence from the texts. 

Some of the scholars said that a divorce issued in jest does
not count; how can the divorce of one who is joking count when all he
intended was to speak the words? Some of the scholars rebuked those who say
that the divorce of one who is joking counts as such and said: You say that
he is joking so how can you say that it counts as such, and take him
seriously? 

The response to these people is: we are only saying what is
indicated by the evidence. This hadeeth was classed as saheeh by some and as
hasan by others. There is no doubt that it counts as evidence, so we follow
it. 

Moreover, reason implies it, because if we open this door,
everyone will make such claims, in which case there will be no more divorce
on earth. The correct view is that it does count as such, whether he was
serious or was joking. 

Moreover, if we say that it counts as such, there is the
benefit of discipline, which restrains those people who want to play with
the words of divorce. If the person who toys with the concept of divorce
realizes that he will be called to account for it, he will never do that. 

But the one who says “I was joking” opens the door to people
to take the rulings of Allaah as a joke. End quote. 

And Allaah knows best.